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        <h1 id="亚格拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论"><a href="#亚格拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论" class="headerlink" title="亚格拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论"></a>亚格拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论</h1><p>马斯洛指出，人们需要动力实现某些需要，有些需要优先与其他需要。</p>
<p>马斯洛的需要层次结构是心理学中的激励理论，包括人类需求的五级模型，通常被描绘成金字塔内的等级。从层次结构的底部向上，需求分别为：食物(食物和衣服)，安全(工作保障)，社交需要(友谊)，尊重和自我实现。这五种阶段模式可分为不足需求和增长需求。前四个级别通常成为缺陷需求，而最高级别称为增长需求。<br> <span id="more"></span></p>
<ol>
<li>五种需要是最基本的，与生俱来的，构成不同的等级或水平，并成为激励和指引个体行为的力量。  </li>
<li>低级需要和高级需要的关系：马斯洛认为需要层次越低，力量越大，潜力越大。随着需要层次的上升，需要的力量相应减弱。高级需要出现之前，必须先满足低级需要。在动物到人的进化中，高级需要出现的比较晚，婴儿有生理需要和安全需要，但自我实现需要在成人后出现；所有生物都需要食物和水分，但是只有人类才有自我实现的需要。  </li>
<li>低级需要直接关系个体的生存，也叫缺失需要(deficit or deficiency need)，当这种需要得不到满足时直接危及生命；高级需要不是维持个体生存所绝对必须的，但是满足这种需要使人健康、长寿、精力旺盛，所以叫做生长需要(growth need)。高级需要比低级需要复杂，满足高级需要必须具备良好的外部条件：社会条件、经济条件、政治条件等。  </li>
<li>马斯洛看到低级需要和高级需要的区别，他后来澄清说，满足需要不是“全有或全无”的现象，他承认，他先前的陈述可能给人一种“错误的印象，即在下一个需要出现之前，必须百分之百地满足需要”。在人的高级需要产生以前，低级需要只要部分的满足就可以了。例子：为实现理想，不惜牺牲生命，不考虑生理需要和安全需要。 </li>
<li>个体对需要的追求不同，有的对自尊的需要超过对爱和归属的需要。</li>
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